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Africa Last Updated: Jun 6, 2019 - 4:17:06 PM


Thandi Modise, the knitting needles guerrilla
By Thami Mkhwanazi 28 May 2019 00:00
Jun 5, 2019 - 12:04:23 PM

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THE LIFE STORY OF A SABOTEUR

This remarkable account gives a face and personality to that shadowy stereotype which we so often read about and fear, and which we understand so little: the ANC guerrilla. This is the story of Thandi Modise, recently released after eight years in prison for sabotage at two Johannesburg department stores. It is the story of a tough and angry woman, whose rage goes back to her days at a small Cape school which had been set on fire by the pupils ...

During her years underground, Thandi Modise bore no resem­blance to the guerrilla of govern­ment propaganda — a sinister, camouflage-clad figure in combat uniform, lurking under cover with an AK-47 as­sault rifle at the ready.  From January 1978, when she entered South Africa from Swaziland on a false passport, to Oc­tober 1979, when she was arrested, the bespec­tacled ANC fighter went about her business look­ing as ordinary as possible.

She usually wore a two-piece suit or colourful slacks and carried a handbag from which a pair of knitting needles protruded. She formed part of the hustle and bustle at a busy police station. She was a passerby outside an South African Defence Force building. She was among hundreds of women shoppers in a city centre chain store. Out­side the Krugersdorp power station, she gazed with curiosity at electric pylons and criss­crossing wires. She was one of the women who chatted with labourers tending gardens at govern­ment buildings, often inquiring about a job.

But in all these places, she was carrying out as­signments for Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, the military wing of the ANC), reconnoitring potential targets.

After her arrest, Modise went on trial in the Jo­hannesburg Regional Court and later in Kempton Park, where she was convicted under the Terror­ism Act. She was originally charged with under­going military training, recruiting for MK, pos­session of arms and explosives, and arson at two stores — OK Bazaars and Edgars in Johannes­burg. She was acquitted on the recruiting charge.

Sentenced to a total of 16 years’ imprisonment, eight of which ran concurrently, she was released last November, just 24 hours short of her full eight years. She spoke freely to the Weekly Mail about the extraordinary life she led after she fled the country at the height of the 1976 student up­risings.

Modise, the youngest of six children, was born on Christmas Day 30 in the Vryburg township of Huhudi in the Northern Cape. At the time of her birth, her father, Frans Modise, was an ANC activist. The organisation was banned a year later.

Thandi recalls her father was an orator who spoke regularly on public platforms of the ANC. A stoker on the railways, he was among the first blacks earmarked for advancement as a driver. His chances, however, were thwarted by his commitment to politics. Although as a child she liked to copy her father, she said her scanty knowledge of her father’s ac­tivities had no direct bearing on her eventual deci­sion to undergo military training.

In December 1974, Modise discovered that she was pregnant. The child — a daughter called Boingotlo — was born prematurely in early 1975, and given over to the care of Thandi’s mother.  In March she returned to the classroom, and her schooling continued until mid-1976, when she — and thousands of other South African students — left school never to return.

It was not the contentious issue of Afrikaans imposed in 1976 as a medium of instruction in black schools that sparked her resistance to apart­heid. Afrikaans, she said, was no problem in the Northern Cape among black children, who inter­acted freely with Afrikaans-speaking coloured pupils.

It was “unprovoked police harassment” on school premises that angered children, she said, resulting in the closure of her school, Barolong High School.  The school, known as a hotbed of political ac­tivity, was later re-opened — but when she re­turned to class she found it had been set on fire. Modise claims she was harassed by the security forces, who detained her and other students on suspicion of arson. She was never charged.

With police allegedly refusing to heed students’ peaceful demonstrations against the presence of security forces, she said, pupils became more militant. Violence escalated, and many pupils took part when a policeman was set alight. “I saw him being burnt alive,” she said. “It was the incessant resistance of the oppressed masses that gave me the courage to resist apartheid violence, ” she said.

The students’ revolt coincided with the build-up to Bophuthatswana’s “independence”. Anger over the possible incorporation of her community into the “homeland” also contributed to her deci­sion to flee the country.

The last straw, she said, was the day she alleg­es she was shot at by police. The bullets missed her, but she wanted to shoot back — and had no weapon. “My belief that my parents would not mind my decision to leave the country strengthened my courage,” she added.

Of the 10 schoolchildren to flee the country with Modise, six were from her school, two of them the youngest in the group — a 13-year-old boy and a girl of 15. There were six boys and four girls. Two of the girls in the group would later turn state’s evidence and testify against her at her trial.

Describing her flight, she says: “We started walking toward the Botswana border at 11pm in July 1976, and crossed into Botswana at sunrise. We had one aim — military training.”

ANC functionaries in Botswana offered both boys and girls a choice of going to school or mil­itary training, but girls were encouraged to con­tinue their schooling.

Most of the girls responded to this encourage­ment, but Modise’s desire to handle a weapon and the challenge posed by military training led her to refuse the education option. She was the only girl in the group of 20 that subsequently left to train as guerrillas.

After the ANC had arranged travel documents for the recruits, they flew from Botswana to Tanzania via Zambia. The 20 were screened by the ANC in Dar-es-Salaam and became part of a larg­er group that was given elementary political edu­cation for a few months before they were taken to the Nova-Katenga camp — known as “Detachment June 16” — in Angola.

For the next year, Modise would move between the very modern Nov-Katenga and the more primitive Funda camps. At one time, there were fewer than 30 women of a total of 500 trainees. Woman guerrillas, she said, were a new phenomenon. “The male comrades respected us for having the courage to be soldiers. They did everything to make us feel their equals.” Perhaps because there were so few women, “everything was the same, except that men and women lived in separate barracks”.

Modise said the normal practice was for three or four women to share a room in the camps, al­though when she was the only woman at Funda, she occupied a room by herself.

They slept on inflatable mattresses, covered with colourful blankets. During the day, the air­bags were arranged as lounge furniture. A stack of mattresses became a coffee table in the middle of the room. To add colour and freshness to the room, the women decorated it with greenery from a well ­kept garden at the entrance of Nova-Katenga camp.

Uniforms were the same: men and women wore camouflage trousers, shirts and caps and boots of black leather or green canvas. An alter­native uniform was the greyish-green gear issued to urban guerrilla warfare trainees.

In both camps women and men were expected to follow the same training programme and to carry out the same chores. ‘‘Women comrades experienced problems in the obstacle course. We tired quickly when scaling high walls, crawling under a low fence and crossing a wide river without a bridge,” Modise said. Also part of the training were political education, engineering, tactics, map-reading instruction in the use of weapons and explosions.

Everyone woke up before sunrise donned track suits or shorts and t-shirts and began the day with intensive physical training. These sessions were supervised by an instructor slogans and extolling revolutionary figureheads in the socialist world.

After exercise, the trainees washed, changed into uniforms and went to have breakfast in a huge dining hall — soup, bread baked at the camp, biscuits, and tea, coffee or cocoa.

Meals were followed by assembly outside.Rain or sun, the trainees stood in rows listened to international news read by men and women trainees assigned to the task and compiled by a special team from various sources including radio and newspaper reports.  Once the news had been read, the soldiers were divided into sections and platoons to engage in day-to-day camp activities. Training was given in the use of an assortment of firearms, cannons and rockets, mostly the Makarov pistol, the Scorpion machine-pistol and other communist arms, as well as the Israeli Uzi — the weapon Modise favoured.

South African arms — either abandoned or captured from South African soldiers — were donated to the ANC by the Angolan government and formed part of the weapons courses.

Military training was not only an outdoor activity. Soldiers spent the latter part of the day studying or consulting in the spacious library, which housed an assortment of books including works on the theories of Marx, Lenin and Engels as well as the ANC bulletin, Sechaba, and another ANC publication, Voice of Women.

Soccer matches were arranged. “My favourite soccer team was the ‘People’s Club’,” Modise said.  “Others were Callies and Swallows, named after teams in South Africa.”

Films on warfare and revolution were screened for the trainees, while performances by a number of cultural groups formed part of entertainment. An avid fan of jazz and classical music, Modise sang soprano in a choir, which ANC president Oliver Tambo joined whenever he visited the camps. OR [Oliver Reginald], as Tambo is called by many, was given a rousing welcome on his arrival. “My choir welcomed him by singing his favourite song, Vukani mawethu (Arise, our people), which was popular in South Africa’s black schools when he worked as a teacher in the 1950s. Home-brewed choral music filled OR with nostalgia, making him an instant star chorister. Surprisingly, he sang also.”

Monthly parties, whether to mark birthdays or other events, became the norm. The trainees wore civilian clothes for these occasions issued to them from a store of new or used clothing donated to the camps and usually worn at weekends. They ranged from jeans and sandals to ele­gant fashions: “I still long for my soft cream two­-piece suit made in Paris,” Modise said.

At these parties the “comrades” drank and danced to the strains of music played by local jazz and disco bands. On hand were Konyaki vodka and beer, as well as cake and cold drinks.

In both camps, rice was a staple. “We all craved pap,” she said, “but it was never on the menu.” There was, however, canned food from the Soviet Union and East Germany, sometimes game - buffalo or wild pig hunted by some of the trainees — and, at Funda, fresh vegetables grown at the camp.

Modise was occasionally invited to dinner at the Luanda residences of MK commander-in-chief Joe Modise and his adviser, Joe Slovo. Slovo was particularly good at preparing powdered eggs, and these became her favourite dish. One evening at Nova-Katenga, an unsuspecting Modise was among the soldiers who were served baboon meat, brought to the camp already skinned by the hunters. “After we had had supper and had finished custard and canned fruit, one or the hunters announced that the meat we had eaten was in fact baboon.”

Rather than being horrified at this discovery, Modise said she enjoyed the experience, as she felt it prepared the trainees to live off the land. It wasn’t the first unconventional food eaten by Modise. “In Dar-es-Salaam the male comrades bought what we thought was fish from the street corner. It was delicious. I asked for more.” It turned out to be python.

Modise was trained in urban and rural guerrilla warfare, specialising in explosives. She served in both camps as a political commissar, a position that demanded she plays the role of doctor, nurse, psychologist and social worker. She was also chief of supplies and assumed the duties of commander when the incumbent was absent. In one camp, she was the medical officer. Ma­laria was a common problem in Angola, and the camps were full of mosquitoes — particularly Funda, where people visiting the pit toilet were often driven out by mosquitoes. “ The devils bit me on the buttocks and forced me out of the toilet,” Modise said. Anti-malaria tablets were administered as a matter of course.  Mosquitoes were not the only hazard at Funda. There was running water at Nova-Katenga, but not at Funda, where water had to be fetched from a river infested with crocodiles. Fetching water and doing the laundry were “risky without an AK at the ready,’’ she said.

Sometimes the trainees saw a crocodile surfacing — and would flee in terror. “One comrade fled, leaving behind her AK”, Modise said. On occasions like Women’s Day, the women in the camps wore special uniforms. One was an ol­ive green jacket and a skin with a slit at the back; the second was a grey dress worn above the knee. The latter outfit was nearly discontinued, she said, as it incited “wild stares from the male comrades”. But both uniforms “gave us a feminine touch”, and the women liked to wear them. “We drilled in the short dresses on women’s occasions and we felt like women. The men whistled, but we ignored them.’‘

Modise had just completed a course in rural guerrilla warfare at Nova-Katenga when she was posted to another camp for advanced weapons training. She boarded a bus along with a number of Cubans on their to Luanda for a flight home and MK soldiers. “lt was a luxury bus donated by the GDR strictly for use by woman combatants,” she said. In fact, she was the only woman on the bus.  Weapons were laid on a rack above the seats, and she took a seat towards the back of the bus. The trip proceeded slowly, as the bus was driving behind a bakkie carrying peasants. Suddenly she heard the sound of gunfire and the bus screeched to a halt. “l was frightened when I saw Cuban and MK soldiers in front grabbing weapons and scrambling for the single door.”

She snatched an AK rifle from the rack. “There were flashes of light outside caused by shooting. The weapons were obviously loaded with incendiary bullets.” It turned out to be a Unita attack. She leapt out of the window next to her seat. “I don’t remem­ber how I landed. Training equips one to fall without hurting oneself. I fired rapidly in the direction of Savimbi’s men as I fell.  “There were no survivors among the unarmed peasants,” she said. “I saw bodies scattered all around the bakkie. I saw blood — lots of it.” There was sometimes danger inside the camps as well.

In the same year in Angola, all 500 men and women at Novo-Katenga suffered severe food poisoning. Trainees believed South African agents were responsible. The main supper dish, she recalled, was fish, rice and vegetables. In their despair diners held their hands to their bellies, “vomiting and col­lapsing. Several were admitted to hospital and treated by Soviet, Cuban and doctors”.

At the beginning of 1978, Modise proceeded to Maputo for further training. She stayed in a private house near the Swaziland border which was attacked by South African security forces in the early 1980s. She learnt later during police interrogation in South Africa that she had been kept under surveillance by South African agents in Maputo. South African police, she said, showed pictures of herself taken during her short stay in Mozambique and kept in what they referred to as a “terror album”. A few days after her 19th birthday, using a passport with a false name, Modise crossed the Swaziland border into South Africa.

Being a woman guerrilla back inside South Af­rica was no easy feat for Thandi Modise.

After her spell in ANC training camps in Angola she found it difficult to adjust to civilian life.

Her life in the camps had been one of drill and marching. “Habits die hard. It was a hassle av­oiding walking like a soldier in civilian Johannes­burg. Often I stopped in the midst of the city hubbub to check whether I was walking like a ci­vilian.

“Each time I look back, I had the creepy feel­ing someone was watching me.’’ Modise said she had also found it difficult not to call people “comrade” — the normal practice in the camps.

Her training also created problems in her love life, she said. “I found it strange when suitors said to me: ‘I love you; let’s get married and have children’.”

Marriage meant different things to guerrillas and civilians. In the camps people got married ‘‘to deepen the spirit of comradeship in the interests of the revolution. The purpose of having and raising children was to build a post-apartheid na­tion.

Modise said her double life as a guerrilla had started when she crossed the Swaziland border under a false name.

“At the border post l gave my name as Zandile Simelane and had to speak siSwati. Later, when I moved to Diepkloof in Soweto, I became a Mot­swana by the name of Lorato, and in the last township where I was based, Eldorado Park, I operated as Miss Thandi Mentor.”

Modise was trained as a topographer, and her main job was to gather information about poten­tial guerrilla targets. To accomplish this, she played various roles to enable her to observe stra­tegic installations at close range.

In order to reconnoitre police stations, she com­plained to the policemen on duty about the beha­viour of an unfaithful husband — knowing full well that this was outside the normal scope of police duties and that the matter would not be pursued.

“On one occasion, a group of policemen in the charge office laughed at me and advised me to marry a policeman,” she said.

In order to collect information about the Department of Home Affairs, she pretended to be a hys­terical Swazi visitor to South Africa who had lost her passport and her money.

At the Krugersdorp prison, a tearful Modise searched for an imaginary missing relative, whom she claimed had been arrested.

Her instructions, she said, were to make ‘“absolutely sure no innocent lives were lost if an attack was carried out. The ANC was at war with the enemy, and not innocent people.”

Targets were “symbols of oppression” such as police stations and other government institutions enforcing apartheid. Symbols of economic power — for example, large firms — were also targets in certain circumstances, she said.

It was because of her instructions to avoid loss of life that she had decided to stop her surveil­lance of the prison in Krugersdorp, she said, commenting that it was “impossible to attack the prison without loss of innocent lives”,

Modise was later convicted of planting incendiary devices in OK Bazaars and Edgars stores in Johannesburg in March 1978.

Recalling the operation, she said: “It took me only a day to inspect the stores. I entered towards closing time and laid inflamers between clothes in men’s, women’s and children’s departments.”

Wearing a maternity dress (although she was not pregnant), and carrying a sling bag over her shoulder, Modise passed through a security — checkpoint at the Eloff street branch of the OK Bazaars. She was carrying — among other items — a dozen boxes of matches containing

miniature inflamers timed to ignite some time after the store had closed. (An inflamer is a home-made device made out of ordinary household products, and containing a ready-made, manufac­tured timer. It can be shaped to look like an in­nocuous object - a watch, or a box of matches. It does explode but is ignited.)

“The security man peeped into my bag as I passed.” she says,” and moments later I sighed with relief”

Once upstairs she moved around the various departments looking for a suitable spot. She eventually placed the matches in an assortment of clothing and quietly headed for the escalator. Some of the boxes were placed in pockets of jackets.

She quietly rejoined the throngs of late shop­pers pouring out of the building. Once outside, she walked to a nearby park and waited - peeping at her watch occasionally. Eventually, she says, “I took a taxi to base (Diepkloof) and waited for the news.” But news did not come until 24 hours later: “I thought the powers-that-be deliberately delayed the news for political reasons.”

The following day, Modise repeated the exer­cise at the Edgars store, about a block away.

Giving evidence during subsequent arson charges against her, staff members Petrus van Jaarsveld of Edgars and HA Venter of OK Bazaars told the court they had stopped the fires from spreading after spotting smoke coming from jackets. Venter said he found matchboxes next to a cash till.

While based in Diepkloof at a house secured for her by the ANC, Modise went out often on re­connaissance operations and on her return home drew sketches of what she had observed.

She would then cross into Swaziland to pass on the drawings to the Umkhonto weSizwe regional command — she left and re-entered South Africa on numerous occasions over this period. The re­gional command in turn would assign guerrillas to carry out the final attack.

In Diepkloof, Modise — under the name of “Lorato” — cooked, cleaned the house and attended to her hostess’ three children. Contact with these youngsters made her long for contact with her own child.

Her work as a guerrilla did not permit her to visit her daughter, Boingotlo, who had been born before she fled the country. The child was in the care of her mother who still lived in Modise’s birthplace, Huhudi in the Northern Cape.

After almost a year in Diepkloof, Modise saw her hostess slip out of the house at the dead of night and tiptoe to a police van waiting in the street outside.

Before leaving the house, the woman had checked to see if Modise was asleep. “I followed her outside and saw her sitting in the van with its occupants,” she said.

The next morning she moved out without giving her hosts note, and began sharing a flat with friends in the “coloured” township of Eldo­rado Park.

The problems at her Diepkloof hideout compelled Modise to suspend her reconnaissance and devote her time to the formation of political cells.

As Thandi Mentor, she began her new task of political mobilisation through a network of cells in Eldorado, debating with cell members the con­tents of the ANC political programme, the Freedom Charter.

Discussions on the charter, she said, were informally conducted. “We would base our debates on news reports in newspapers, and on radio, television and other media,” she said.

The end of Modise’s career as a guerilla came in October 1979, when she was arrested by two Indian security policemen and a coloured policeman in Eldorado Park. She was taken to John Vorster Square.

“It was late afternoon. I was busy preparing supper for family with whom I lived in the flat when I heard a knock at the door.”

Police told the court later that they had received a tipoff. The policemen searched her flat and confiscated a number of books, including one by South Afri­can Communist Party chief Joe Slovo. They also took away two bottles of potassium permanga­nate which later turned up in court as exhibits.

During her five-month interrogation, Modise said police had taken her to point out possible targets she had placed under surveillance. These in­cluded the OK Bazaars and Edgars stores.

The court heard during her trial that a group of white security policemen had taken her to a small hill in Eldorado Park, where they had allegedly forced her to dig a hole in search of an arms cache, and assaulted her.

She said she had known there were no weap­ons buried on the hill. “I was forced to dig, ap­parently as a punishment, when the police found the ground was undisturbed,’’ she said.

In May 1980, she appeared in the Johannesburg regional court on charges of undergoing military training; recruiting for Umkhonto weSizwe; possessing arms and explosives; and the arson attacks on the two stores.

In “a trial within a trial” aimed at establishing the admissibility of a confession made in detention, Modise said the police had abused her in various ways. She told the court that while she was being interrogated, black security policemen had escort her to the toilet and watched her relieve herself.

The state denied these allegations, and Sergeant Anita Hester Meyer testified that she was

responsible for escorting Modise to the toilet throughout the latter’s stay at John Vorster.

Modise also alleged that one of her interroga­tors, a Warrant Officer Jordaan, had stripped down to his underpants in front of her during in­terrogation. ‘‘There were only the two of us in the interrogation room. I was pregnant and felt intim­idated,” she said.

ln an attempt to show the court that she had signed a confession under duress, she mentioned a scar she alleged she had seen on Jordaan’s pel­vis. She said Jordaan had boasted that the scar was the result of a wound sustained during a clash with Swapo guerrillas.

Jordaan denied the allegations, although he did say he had a pelvic scar which bad been left by an appendix operation.

Modise also told the court that she was struck with fists in an interrogation room called the “waarheid kamer” (truth room). These allegations were also denied by the police, and the magistrate ruled that her statement was admissible as evidence.

On February 15 1980, she gave birth to a daughter, Mandisa, in the Johannesburg Hospital. “Police told the hospital staff I was a Swazi princess,” she said, adding that the nurses and doctors had expressed surprise that a “princess” bad not brought clothes for her newborn baby nor a gown for herself.

She said the police had set about arranging for the adoption of the child. She was allegedly taken to welfare officers, who explained the advantages of having the child adopted. However, she had refused to sign the necessary papers.

“After Mandisa was born, my mother took her home,” she said.

Modise was released in November last year, one day before the official expiry of her prison term, which she served in Pretoria Central Prison and women’s prisons in Kroonstad and Klerksdorp.

While inside, she completed a B.Comm degree, and now plans to study law. But she is still paying for her years as a guerril­la. She says Bophuthatswana police harass her whenever she visits her two children, who now live with her mother in Dryharts village, in the Bophuthatswana region of Taung.
The state’s case against Thandi Modise

Thandi Modise faced three charges under the Terrorism Act, one under the Sabotage Act and another of attempted arson or malicious damage to property. The state alleged that between 1976 and 1978, Modise:

Underwent military training with the ANC’s military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe and brought weapons into South Africa.
Plotted with her co-accused, Cowie Moses Nkosi and Slim Aaron Mogale, to bring about a breakdown of law and order.
Plotted with both men to commit arson at stores in Johannesburg.
Propagated the aims and objectives of the banned ANC
Reconnoitred police stations and West Rand Administration Board offices in Krugersdorp with the intention of carrying out sabotage.
Was found in possession of a machine-gun, pistol, ammunition, TNT and calcium chloride explosives.
Recruited for the ANC

The three accused first appeared in the Johannesburg Magistrate’s Court in May 1980. The trial was later transferred to Kempton Park. Convicted on three charges under the Terrorism Act, Modise was sentenced on November 7 1980 to a total of 16 years imprisonment, eight of which were to run concurrently.

Under cross-examination, security policeman Captain Seth Sols said when he and other policemen arrested Modise in an Eldorado Park house on October 31 1979, they found a Scorpion machine-pistol, a Bophuthatswana passport and a Swaziland passport hidden under the sofa. The police, he said, also found a bottle which contained chemical explosives and TNT in a tap near the toilet.

Eleven empty medicine capsules were also found under a clothing case. The state alleged the capsules had contained explosives which were used in the arson attack on the OK Bazaars. Captain Sols told the court he and his two col­leagues had raided the house after receiving a telegram informing him about a woman who had received terrorist training outside South Africa.

During the trial, various police witnesses responded to Modise’s allegations that she was ill-treated while in detention. Lieutenant Deon Greyling told the court that on November 3 1979, he and two other officers took Modise to a hill in Eldorado Park to find something Modise had hidden there.

“At the spot we dug the earth out with our hands but found nothing,” he said.

Greyling said one of the policemen got angry and asked Modise to do the digging herself. When she also found nothing, he said, they all returned to John Vorster Square.

He denied Modise’s allegation that she had been assaulted.

Denying Modise’s allegations that she was assaulted in an interrogation room called the waar­heid kamer, Warrant Officer Petrus Jordaan said he had never heard of a room at John Vorster Square being referred to in this way.

 


Source:Ocnus.net 2019

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