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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2009 - 7:39:50 AM |
Working inside a bio-secure greenhouse outfitted with motion detectors
and surveillance cameras, government scientists at the Cereal Disease
Laboratory in St. Paul, Minn., suspended the fungal spores in a light
mineral oil and sprayed them onto thousands of healthy wheat plants.
After two weeks, the stalks were covered with deadly reddish blisters
characteristic of the scourge known as Ug99.
Nearly all the plants were goners.
Crop scientists fear the Ug99 fungus could wipe out more than 80% of
worldwide wheat crops as it spreads from eastern Africa. It has already
jumped the Red Sea and traveled as far as Iran. Experts say it is
poised to enter the breadbasket of northern India and Pakistan, and the
wind will inevitably carry it to Russia, China and even North America
-- if it doesn't hitch a ride with people first.
"It's a time bomb," said Jim Peterson, a professor of wheat breeding
and genetics at Oregon State University in Corvallis. "It moves in the
air, it can move in clothing on an airplane. We know it's going to be
here. It's a matter of how long it's going to take."
Though most Americans have never heard of it, Ug99 -- a type of fungus
called stem rust because it produces reddish-brown flakes on plant
stalks -- is the No. 1 threat to the world's most widely grown crop.
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico
estimates that 19% of the world's wheat, which provides food for 1
billion people in Asia and Africa, is in imminent danger. American
plant breeders say $10 billion worth of wheat would be destroyed if the
fungus suddenly made its way to U.S. fields.
Fear that the fungus will cause widespread damage has caused short-term
price spikes on world wheat markets. Famine has been averted thus far,
but experts say it's only a matter of time.
"A significant humanitarian crisis is inevitable," said Rick Ward, the
coordinator of the Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat project at Cornell
University in Ithaca, N.Y.
The solution is to develop new wheat varieties that are immune to Ug99.
That's much easier said than done.
After several years of feverish work, scientists have identified a mere
half-dozen genes that are immediately useful for protecting wheat from
Ug99. Incorporating them into crops using conventional breeding
techniques is a nine- to 12-year process that has only just begun. And
that process will have to be repeated for each of the thousands of
wheat varieties that is specially adapted to a particular region and
climate.
"All the seed needs to change in the next few years," said Ronnie
Coffman, a plant breeder who heads the Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat
project. "It's really an enormous undertaking."
Ancient adversary
Farmers have been battling stem rust for as long as they have grown
wheat. The fungus' ancestors infected wild grasses for millions of
years before people began cultivating them for food, said Jorge
Dubcovsky, professor of genetics and plant breeding at UC Davis.
"The pathogen keeps mutating and evolving," he said. "It's one of our
biblical pests. This is not a small enemy."
When a spore lands on a green wheat plant, it forms a pustule that
invades the outer layers of the stalk. The pustule hijacks the plant's
water and nutrients and diverts them to produce new rust spores instead
of grain. Within two weeks of an initial attack, there can be millions
of pustules in a 2.5-acre patch of land.
Wheat plants that can recognize a specific chemical produced by stem
rust can mount a defense against the fungus. But the rust is able to
mutate, evade the plant's immune system and resume its spread.
Stem rust destroyed more than 20% of U.S. wheat crops several times
between 1917 and 1935, and losses reached nearly 9% twice in the 1950s.
The last major outbreak, in 1962, destroyed 5.2% of the U.S. crop,
according to Peterson, who chairs the National Wheat Improvement
Committee.
The fungus was kept at bay for years by breeders who slowly and
methodically incorporated different combinations of six major stem rust
resistance genes into various varieties of wheat. The breeders thought
it unlikely that the rust could overcome clusters of those genes at the
same time.
After several outbreak-free decades, it seemed that stem rust had been
defeated for good. Scientists switched to other topics, and the hunt
for new resistance genes practically slowed to a crawl.
A new strain of stem rust was identified on a wheat farm in Uganda in
1999.
"It didn't draw a lot of attention, frankly," said Marty Carson,
research leader at the Cereal Disease Laboratory, part of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. "There's very little wheat grown in Uganda."
East Africa is a natural hot spot for stem rust. Weather conditions
allow farmers to grow wheat year-round, so rust spores can always find
a susceptible host. Some of the wheat is grown as high as 7,000 feet
above sea level, where intense solar radiation helps the fungus mutate.
The highlands are also home to barberry bushes, the only plant on which
stem rust is known to reproduce through sexual recombination. That
genetic shuffling provides a golden opportunity for the fungus to
evolve into a deadly strain.
Within a few years, Ug99 -- named for the country and year it was
identified -- had devastated farms in neighboring Kenya, where much of
the wheat is grown on large-scale farms that have so far been able to
absorb the blow. Then it moved north to Ethiopia, Sudan and Yemen,
putting more small farms at risk. Those that can afford it are trying
to make do with fungicides, but that's too cumbersome and expensive to
be a long-term solution, Ward said.
To make matters worse, the fungus is becoming more virulent as it
spreads. Scientists discovered a Ug99 variant in 2006 that can defeat
Sr24, a resistance gene that protects Great Plains wheat.
Last year, another variant was found with immunity to Sr36, a gene that
safeguards Eastern wheat.
Should those variants make their way to U.S. fields any time soon,
scientists would be hard-pressed to protect American wheat crops.
A laborious task
Now the pressure is on to develop new wheat varieties that are
impervious to Ug99. Hundreds of varieties will need to be upgraded in
the U.S. alone.
"You can't just breed it into one or two major varieties and expect to
solve the problem," Peterson said. "You have to reinvent this wheel at
almost a local level."
The first step is to identify Ug99 resistance genes by finding wheat
plants that can withstand the deadly fungus.
Roughly 16,000 wheat varieties and other plants have been tested in the
cereal disease lab over the last four years. The tests were conducted
between Dec. 1 and the end of February, when the Minnesota weather is
so frigid that escaping spores would quickly perish, Carson said.
These and similar efforts at a research station in Kenya have turned up
only a handful of promising resistance genes, which crop breeders such
as Brett Carver at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater are trying
to import into vulnerable strains of wheat.
Each year, Carver crosses hundreds of plants in a greenhouse to produce
as many as 50,000 candidate strains. Over the next four years, those
are winnowed down, and the most promising 2,000 are planted in the
field.
Only the hardiest strains are replanted each year, until the 12-year
process results in a single new variety with dozens of valuable traits,
such as the ability to withstand drought and make fluffy bread.
The oldest of the plants Carver bred for Ug99 resistance are only 3
years old, but one of the strains has been planted in the field already
in case the fungus hitches a quick ride to the U.S. on an airplane or
in a shipping container.
"In the absence of stem rust, it would not be the highest-yielding
wheat," he said. "In the presence of stem rust, it would be the only
thing that would survive."
Source:Ocnus.net 2009
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