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Research Last Updated: Mar 30, 2019 - 4:53:58 PM


Air, Water, Topsoil and Noise Pollution in South Asia
By E. Kalair, N. Khan, STMU 26/3/19
Mar 28, 2019 - 3:33:45 PM

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Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems faced to Asia today, especially India, China and Pakistan. Terrorists killed 11,090 in 2012, mostly in Islamic countries; air, water and land pollution kills 7 million people in a year, mostly in Asia [Statista 2017, Quigley 2014; Jeremy 2018]. Air pollution takes life of more than 1.3 million people in India and 125,000 in Pakistan annually that is a threat more serious than terrorism [Basudev 2017; AFP, 2017]. Environmental pollution is defined as “the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.” Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, but they are considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels. Any use of natural resources at a rate higher than nature’s capacity to restore itself can result in pollution of air, water, and land.” [Iyyanki 2017].

Seven types of pollution are air, water, soil, thermal, radioactive, noise and light effluences. The common air pollutants are particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well as physical parameters. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste such as plastics and radioactive materials. Non tangible forms of pollution may include noise, lights and ionizing electromagnetic radiations [Alexander 1993, Trevors 2019].

All humans need clean air, fresh water and nutrient foods to survive. We can live without food and water for many hours and days, but need air to breathe every instant. Industrial revolutions and urbanization trends have accelerated economic growth and prosperity at expense of climate change, air, water and land pollutions [Will2016]. Postindustrial nightmare has taken the form of climate change, pollution, heat and cold waves. Air, water, food and energy nexus shows our past was rural and future will be rural [ICF 2019]. Our disconnection from nature is cause of air pollution and climate change. Spraying reflecting particles in stratosphere, so called geoengineering at cost of earth, is not good solution better reduce GHG emissions. Thanks Trump for blocking geoengineering resolution [Jean 2019].

Pollutants and bacteria enter into human lungs, stomach and blood through breathing, drinking and eating processes. New scientific data shows about 800,000 people die prematurely each year alone in Europe that number is twice of earlier estimates [Damian, 2019]. Air pollution is responsible for 8.8 million deaths per year which are 1.6 million more than smoking deaths. WHO had attributed 7.2 million deaths to smoking in 2015, which include 17,000 heart and artery cases, and 29,000 lung, cancer and diabetes cases [MSN 2019]. According to an earlier UN report malaria and AIDS diseases kill annually 660,000 and 1.7 million people, and alone indoor pollution kills 3.5 million per year. Indoor and outdoor deaths by air pollution mount to 6.3 million per year [Michael 2013]. Air pollution annually kills 135,000 in addition to $47.8 billion (>5.88% of GDP) economic burden to Pakistan.

A recent study, tops earlier estimates of 4.5 million premature death in 2015 and 6.5 in 2016 due to air pollution, claims 8.8 million deaths in 2015 due to air pollution. Researchers believe 120 more deaths per 100,000 population occur due to air pollution compared to earlier estimates. Excess death rates due to air pollution were 154 in Germany, 136 in Italy, 150 in Poland, 98 in UK, 105 in France and 200 in Eastern Europe (Bulgaria to Ukraine). Europe has an average of 133 compares to 120 global average. Canada and America complies WHO guidelines that Europe lags behind [MSN, 2019; Megan 2019]. Air pollution killed 4 million in India and China in 2016. A 10mg/m3 rise in PM2.5 pollutant increases 16% risk of getting diabetes disease [Eric 2018].  China used to pay more attention to N2O and less to VOC that increases ground level O3. China and Korea use artificial rain to get rid of air pollution [Cai 2019; Maureen 2019 ]. According to a recent research report annually 790,000 people die in Europe by air pollution with ischemic heart disease (40%), stroke (8%), lung cancer (7%), COPD (6%), Pneumonia (7%) and other non-communicable diseases (32%) [Jos 2019]. Polluted waters cause amoebiasis, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis A, lead poisoning, malaria, SARS, polyomavirus infection and polio [Parikhani 2014]. Polluted foods may cause gastrointestinal, nervous system, cancer and thyroid dysfunction problems [EPC 2019]. According to DOH polluted foods may cause food poisoning, staphylococcus, salmonella, clostridium and campylobacter. Keep in mind bacteria grows faster at 37-38°C [DOH 2019].

 

More Americans die from air pollution (100,000/year) than car crashes and murders. According to a new study, “Pollution is disproportionally caused by whites, disproportionately inhaled by black and Hispanic minorities.” [Doyle 2019]. This report may means emissions due to use of energy else all people inhale and exhale in a common atmosphere. Earlier reports on air pollution related deaths showed 3 million deaths/year that figure was forecast to double by 2050 that in fact has tripled in 4 years.  A study in 2016 reported 5.5 million deaths due to air pollution and pointed out rise of similar deaths in Brazil, Pakistan and japan. China and India being largest coal users suffer 1.6 million deaths per year [Justin 2016].

World estimates $225 billion loss of labor due to deaths by air pollution and trillions are spent on medical costs every year. Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and Afghanistan are most polluted among SAARC countries in South Asia [Lora 2019]. Delhi, Dhaka and Kabul are most polluted capitals in South Asia. World’s 50 most polluted cities are in India (25), China (23) and Pakistan (2). According to CNN report India has 22 out of 30 most polluted cities worldwide [James 2019]. Mongolia, Botswana and Pakistan are regarded world’s most polluted countries [Hina 2017]. Indian farmer burn paddy stubble at start of winter that causes smog in air. Level of smog rises so high it needs headlights to drive day time. Smog has become virtually 5th season of India as well as Pakistan [Mehreen 2017]. Concurrence of stubble burning and Diwali increases level of pollution beyond tolerance in Delhi area [Maninder 2017].

WHO PM2.5and PM10 standards on annual mean air pollution are 10 and 20 mg/m3 respectively. European health standards have annual average limits of PM2.5 and PM10 to be 25 and 40 mg/m3. Chinese annual average limits of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 are 35 and 70 mg/m3. Chinese annual average of PM2.5 values varied from 64 to 116 mg/m3 in 2018.  Indian annual average limits of PM2.5 and PM10 are 40 and 60 mg/m3. India annual average of PM2.5 varied from 64.2 to 135.8 mg/m3 in 2018. Pakistan’s annual average of PM2.5 varied from 68 to 75 8 mg/m3. Annual average concentration of PM10 in various cities were  125-147 mg/m3 in China, 180-319mg/m3 in India and 290-540 in Pakistan in 2016. Threshold for health risks of PM2.5 and PM10 are 51.6 and 102.8 mg/m3 [Tariq, 2018]. China has highest PM2.5 concentration in East and India in North. China has highest PM10 concentration in north east and India in northwest. Natural flow of winds from east to west transports smog into Pakistan as shown in Fig.1

a. Asian PM2.5 Concentrations (WHO)

b. Asian PM2.5 Concentrations (WHO)

Fig.1 Concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants in Asia (WHO)

Fine particle matter (<PM2.5) are mixture of human made or natural solid particles and liquid droplets in the air. These particles are emitted during heating and combustion of solid and liquid fuels in power plants and vehicles. These particles may be formed from the chemical reactions of SO2, NO and NO2 [AQG 2006]. Sources of fine particles (sulfates, nitrates, carbon, and organics) are anthropogenic and sources of course particles (soil, dust, sea salt, bio-aerosols) are natural. Gaseous and dust particles come in varying sizes from 0.0003mm to 1000mm. Viruses (0.005-0.05mm), suspended dust particles (0.003-0.8mm) and gaseous contaminants (0.0003-0.007mm) come in very small sizes. Typical sizes of particulate contaminants such as soot (0.009-0.40mm), smog (0.009-2mm), tobacco smoke (0.009-1.5mm), oil smoke (0.6-6.5mm), fly ash (0.9-100mm) and cement dust (5-100mm); typical dust such as settling dust (0.9-100mm) and heavy dust (100-1000mm); and biological contaminants such as cat allergies (0.1-4mm), bacteria (0.5-10mm), house dust mite allergens (0.2-10.2mm), mold spores (3-98mm), and pollen (10-100mm) are shown in Table 1 [ETB 2019].

The sun gives off light and heat to planet, earth’s spin regulates day and night and its revolution around the sun to make seasons and years. Light and time have significance in living organisms. The sunshine empowers life and earth’s spin regulates circadian rhythms. In the absence of sunlight photosynthesis process stops that gradually kills plants. Plants harvest solar energy to sustain food chain system. Animals and humans get 25% vitamin A and D from food rest 75% from sunlight. We cannot live without food as life thrives on live and food. Many microorganisms might survive without sunlight yet life circuit needs food. We have been polluting the environment by burning coal, gas and oil found in upper, middle and lower layers of earth. Fossil fuels were formed by anaerobic decomposition of plants and animals in subsurface under high pressure and temperature over a period of millions of years. Continued combustion of fossil fuels in last two centuries has polluted air, water and land. Air pollution [Petra 2018; Isaac 2018; Corallo 2018; Yanyi 2019], water pollution [Ren 2018; Meiyi 2018], land pollution [Jennifer 2018], noise pollution [EPA 2019; Naama 2000; John 2017] and light pollution [Ruth 2017; Cristian 2019] directly and indirectly affect animal and human circadian rhythms.

Humans are time keeping machines having internal biological clocks which produce circadian rhythms and regulate their timing. Biological clocks are composed of protein molecules and found in every tissue and organ. A master clock in brain coordinates all biological clocks in living things. Master clock consists of 20,000 nerve cells forming suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in hypothalamus linked to eyes. Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes following daily cycles. In addition to humans, circadian rhythms are present in most of living things like animals, plants and microbes. Natural factors in body produce circadian rhythms that are affected by environment. A change in light-dark cycle resets biological clock as well as circadian rhythms which in turn sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, eating habits, body temperature, digestion system and biological functions. Day light resets our internal clock such that we are alert in morning, have high blood pressure at 2-4pm and feel sleepy at 6-9 pm. At night SCN signals brain to make more melatonin to get us drowsy. Air travel causes jet lag due to time differences. Night shift workers suffer various problems. There are 5 to 6 clock genes in living organisms. Our biological clock have evolved on millions of years and is synchronized with spinning earth that is a universal constant. Natural biological clock has its own internal resistance to changes in environmental signals [Jose 2002].

Our immune system defends against any external change, yet sometimes outside signals reach brain like naegleria fowleri. Environmental pollutants, perfumes, and chemicals may cross the blood/brain barrier.

Toxins are lipophilic, which means they like fats. Our brain is mainly composed of fats, which is why certain toxins affect the brain to such a high degree. Photons enter brain through eyes, audio signals through ears, taste signals through tongue, sniff signals through nose and environmental temperature, pressure, heat or chill signals through skin touch sensors.  Our hand has more than 30,000 sensors in it. Audio/video signals can directly affect circadian rhythms and air pollutants affect indirectly. Conserved genes and earth’s spin reset circadian rhythms have million years long history. Environmental pollutants cannot affect much our internal clocks, yet can displace timings which affect our wake-sleep patterns which govern many functions. Fruit fly and mimosa plant experiments show the organisms do maintain their functions in continuous dark and light yet sleep-wake patterns may change. Conserved genetic elements mediate various oscillatory, physiological and behavioral phenomena to tune the organism’s CLK to remain in SYNC with the external world [Nikhil 2014].

Taking heavy food in morning and light at night helps screech insulin and lose weight. Impact of drugs taken at different time has different influences on the body as we have definite prayer times. Light variations at night can seriously impede melatonin production that affects many bodily processes including metabolism, immune function, and, through the endocrine system, helps balance reproductive, thyroid and adrenal hormones. Regular sleeping and eating schedules keep all clocks synchronized. Our biological clocks may shift away by environmental changes, especially audio/video pollutions. A flash light, especially blue lights seriously affect circadian rhythms. The closer we live with nature the better it is. Sci-techs have different effects on body as environmental pollutions affect body functions. A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of plants, animals and humans.

This rhythm determine sleeping and feeding patterns of all animals and humans. Brain wave activities, hormone production and cell regeneration are linked to this daily cycle. Biological rhythms control the lives of organisms, impacting numerous aspects ranging from subcellular processes to behavior. Chemical pollutions and oxygen depletion in aquatic environment affect marine species [Prokkola 2018]. Aquatic animals die of entanglement with plastics and chemical water pollution affects marine species as air pollution affects humans [Kayla 2017]. When human body is exposed to noise that does not allow blood pressure to follow the normal rise and fall cycle of an undisturbed circadian rhythm. More than 10,000 people die of noise pollution in Europe. Death rates due diabetes, blood pressure, heart diseases and hepatitis are on rampant rise in South Asia. Heat waves, desertification and deforestation have increasing environmental pollution. Thar Desert is spreading at a rate of 100 ha per year which may damage 13,000ha of fertile lands in India and Pakistan. Ocean pollution is killing marine species and sea rise is eroding soil. Deposition of carbon black on snow is thawing glaciers and climate change is reducing snow fall rates. Underground water is falling deeper due to reduction in river flows and upper layers of underground water are getting toxic day by day [Hasnat 2018].

Environmental pollution is created by developed countries that falls on poor countries. Environmental pollution affects plants, agriculture, marine species, animals and humans. World Wild Life exclusively shows the consequences yet the world community does not ponder on it. Environmental pollution damages us all externally as well as internally [Comfort, 2016; Lulzim 2011; WWL, 2019]. We all have nothing common, except planet, let us protect it collectively. I know India and Pakistan spend billions of dollars on ammunitions but no significant amount in preventing environmental pollution despite high death rates. South Asian people want to get rid of poverty and pollution. They need books not bullets. Pakistan started ten billion tree planting program and India started throwing missiles on green forests, although, wise Indian scholars advised their incumbents to support tree project that helps neighbors too [Raza 2019]. It is very unfortunate some countries provide false data on environment. United Nations have asked India to recheck data on forest cover [Nandi 2019]. Polluted airs, contaminated waters and toxic foods are mandate for nowhere. Environmental pollution is an incurable disease. It can only be prevented (Barry Commoner).

Table 1 Sizes of common particles [ETB 2019]

Particle

Size (mm)

Particle

Size (mm)

Anthrax

1 - 5

Fly Ash

1 - 1000

Antiperspirant

6 - 10

Gelatin

5 - 90

Asbestos

0.7 - 90

Ginger

25 - 40

Atmospheric Dust

0.001 - 40

Hair

5 - 200

Auto and Car Emission

1 - 150

Household dust

0.05 - 100

Bacteria

0.3 - 60

Human Hair

40 - 300

Beach Sand

100 - 10000

Human Sneeze

10 - 100

Bone Dust

3 - 300

Humidifier

0.9 - 3

Bromine

0.1 - 0.7

Insecticide Dusts

0.5 - 10

Burning Wood

0.2 - 3

Iron Dust

4 - 20

Calcium Zinc Dust

0.7 - 20

Lead, solder radiator manufacturing - mean value

1.3

Carbon Black Dust

0.2 - 10

Lead, battery and lead powder manufacturing

12 - 22

Carbon Dioxide

0.00065

Lead Dust

0.1 - 0.7

Cayenne Pepper

15 - 1000

Liquid Droplets

0.5 - 5

Cement Dust

3 - 100

Metallurgical Dust

0.1 - 1000

Clay, coarse

2 - 4

Metallurgical Fumes

0.1 - 1000

Clay, medium

1 - 2

Milled Flour, Milled Corn

1 - 100

Clay, fine

0.5 - 1

Mist

70 - 350

Coal Dust

1 - 100

Mold

3 - 12

Coal Flue Gas

0.08 - 0.2

Mold Spores

10 - 30

Coffee

5 - 400

Mustard

6 - 10

Combustion

0.01 - 0.1

Oil Smoke

0.03 - 1

cars

up to 2.5

Sugars

0.0008 - 0.005

Copier Toner

0.5 - 15

Talcum Dust

0.5 - 50

Corn Starch

0.1 - 0.8

Tea Dust

8 - 300

Dot (.)

615

Textile Dust

6 - 20

Dust Mites

100 - 300

Textile Fibers

10 - 1000

Eye of a Needle

1230

Tobacco Smoke

0.01 - 4

Face Powder

0.1 - 30

Atmospheric Dust

0.001 to 30

Fertilizer

10 - 1000

Viruses

0.005 - 0.3

Fiberglass Insulation

1 - 1000

Yeast Cells

1 - 50

 

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Source:Ocnus.net 2019

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